General Info – summary

This Tree with its ringed woody unbranched stem has a fan-shaped crown & is up to 12m high. Distichous, simple, often torn Leaves to 1,8 x 0,6m.  Big compound inflorescence has bisexual & irregular Flowers in a spathe.  Each flower has 3 (1 short) white protruding sepals & 2 of 3 blue petals form an arrowhead.  Tri-locular, inferior ovary has 3 stigmas.  Dehiscent Fruit is a woody capsule.  Orange aril on each black seed.

Description

Strelitzia nicolai

Previous Names: Strelitzia augusta, Strelitzia quensonii.

SA Tree No. 34.

Common names: (Afr) Kuswildepiesang, Natalse Valspiesang, Natalse Wilde-piesang, Natalse wildepiesang, Witpiesang.  (Eng) Coastal Strelitzia, Natal Mock Banana, Natal Strelitzia, Natal Wild Banana, Wild Banana, Giant bird of paradise, White bird of paradise.  (isiXhosa) Ikhamanga, Isigceba, Isigude.  (isiZulu) Igceba, inkamanga, Isigceba.  (Xitsonga) Angude.

Family: Strelitziaceae (Strelitzia or Crane flower family).  The large Leaves, in 2 opposite vertical rows, are sheathing at the base.  These banana-like plants with true stems may be low growing or tree-like.  The impressive and showy, zygomorphic Flowers arise from a maroon; boat shaped spathe (the bract or leaf surrounding a flower cluster or spadix. It may be coloured).  The 2 lowest of the 3 cream to white or orange petal-like Sepals are erect.  Two of the 3 Petals touch to make an arrow-head shape.  The third upper petal is much smaller.  These petals may be blue or white.  Petals surround the 5 long, thin Stamens and the Style.  The Fruit is a hard woody capsule with 3 lobes.  The large Seeds have an orange aril (an appendage or outer covering of a seed and may appear as a pulpy covering which develops from a stalk, the funiculus, connecting an ovule or a seed with the placenta).

Name derivation: Strelitzia – given to honour Queen Charlotte von Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1744-1818), the wife of King George III of Britain.  nicolai is in honour of the Russian Grand duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (1831- 1891).  He was the royal sponsor of the Russian Horticultural Society of St. Petersburg.  There are 3 tree species of Strelitzia in South Africa.  The other two are Strelitzia alba and Strelitzia caudata.

Conservation: National Status:  L C (least concern).  Assessed: 2005 (W. Foden and L. Potter).

Tree

The leaf scar marked Stem/trunk – (main axis of the plant, the leaf and flower bearing as distinguished from the root-bearing axis) and canopy grows up to 12 x 5m.  It suckers from the base (photo 104).  This tree is a banana-tree-like plant (photo 60) but unlike the wild banana (Ensete ventricosum), Strelitzia nicolai has true woody stems.  This relatively smooth, grey, woody stem is marked with past leaf scars (photo 43).  Strelitzia nicolai also has a characteristic fan-shaped Crown (photo 104).  This species often forms dense clumps of plants.

Leaves

The glossy grey-green magnificent Leaves are distichous (leaves, leaflets or flowers arranged in 2 opposite vertical ranks).  They are large: up to 1,9 x 0,6m (photos 236 & 60 above) and almost palm-like.  The leaf in channelled along the lower side including the petiole (leaf stalk) and midrib (photo 236).  In older leaves, the wind often tears the leaves along the lines of smaller lateral veins (photo 883).  The sound of the wind through the flapping torn (photo 883) leaves is distinctive.  The channelled Petiole (leaf stalk) is sheathed at the base.  Old colourless, torn leaves tend to become untidy and hang down.

Flowers

The multiple structure of the compound inflorescence of Strelitzia nicolai is unique and makes identification easier.  Here the 5 spathes (spathe – one bracts enclosing each flower in an inflorescence – photo 232).  Each spathe arises from the preceding one.  In the process, they turn through approximately 90 degrees from the preceding one (photo 232).  To aid this turning process each spathe produces a slimy mucilage.  These spathes are initially contained within a single, much larger boat shaped spathe that is up to 45cm long (photo 44).

The individual, bisexual Flowers are up to 18 x 45cm and zygomorphic (irregular flower with the corolla that is divisible into 2 equal halves in one plane only).  The colour of the large sheathing spathe around the individual flowers is ruby-red to dark blue.  This opens above to allow the 3 cream or white petaloid Sepals (photo 232) to stand up – like the crest of a bird.  The lowermost 2 of the 3 blue or mauve Petals touch and form a unique arrowhead structure – somewhat resembling a beak (photo 232).  The third petal is much smaller.  Within the centre of this channel, the trilocular Ovary (now fully developed in photo 985 under Fruit) and the 5 Stamens with longitudinally dehiscent Anthers (containing 2 parallel theca – pollen sacs) and very long Filaments (the slender stalk that supports the anther) develop.  The third uppermost petal is much smaller and contains a long-acting nectary at its base.  The Style (more or less elongated part of the pistil situated between the ovary and the stigma) has 3 branches, each starting in a Locule (chamber within an ovary – in this case it is trilocular (with 3 locules – photo 985 under Fruit).  Each style ends with a Stigma (the part of the pistil that receives the pollen).  The base of the style and the inferior ovary are enclosed in the Receptacle (that expanded tip of the flower stalk from which the floral parts develop).  (Sep–Feb++).

Fruit

The hard woody, 3-lobed (photo 985) Fruit is a dehiscent Capsule (photo 885) up to 7cm long.  These 3 lobes (photo 985) contain hard black Seeds.  Each seed has a bright orange Aril (an appendage or outer covering of a seed – photo 1068.  It develops from a stalk, the funiculus, connecting an ovule or a seed with the placenta – photo 01).  (Mar–Jul).

Distribution & Ecology

This tree is common in evergreen forests and dune bush near the coast.  It grows in cool moist sites, rich in leaf mould and in rocky places like cliff faces, bordering the sea.  Trees are naturally Located below 600m in the Eastern Cape – close to East London and eastwards then northwards through KwaZulu-Natal including Richards Bay.  Beyond South Africa, they occur in Swaziland, the extreme southern Mozambique.  Botswana and Zimbabwe.  It these plants are thus Endemic (restricted to a particular geographic location) in Southern Africa.  The usually wind torn older leaves create an audible sound in the wind.  Tree frogs hibernate at the base of the big Leaf stalks.  The Butterfly larvae of the Strelitzia Nightfighter (Moltena fiara) feed on the Leaves.  The first larva development stage of this butterfly is bright red with a black head.  They use silk to form a shelter by sticking leaves together.  Monkeys, birds and the blue duiker feed on parts of the Flowers.  Nectar is gathered by 2 regular visitors – the collared sunbird (Hedydipna collaris) and olive sunbird (Cyanomitra olivacea), which effect Pollination in the process.  The Tree also affords protection for birds.  Green and red-billed wood hoopoe are among the birds that eat the Fruit.  Birds and monkeys eat the orange Arils (photo 985 – above) that are attached to the seeds.  Tiny Banana Bats (Neoromicia nanus) reside in the curled up leaves.  Including the tail, these bats are only up to 7cm long.  These bats also frequent banana trees and thatched rooves.  They feed on tiny insects, not on leaves.

Ethnobotany

This frost sensitive plant will grow from seeds or suckers and develop best in moist soil and full sun.  This tree has invasive roots.  Do not plant them near buildings or paving.  They can withstand strong, salt laden winds.  Strelitzia nicolai is among the rare plants which contain bilirubin (usually a waste product of animal metabolism colouring the faeces and urine and is the cause of discoloration in bruises).   Leaves serve as binding agents for building huts, and fish kraals e.g. at Kosi Bay.  Spathes (the bracts or leaves surrounding a flower cluster) are used for clothing.  Dry Seeds with their Arils are ground and the flour produced Dry is baked after water has been added.  Immature pleasant tasting seeds are edible.  These plants may be toxic to dogs, cats and horses.

References

Boon, R. 2010. Pooley’s Trees of eastern South Africa. Flora and Fauna Publications Trust, Durban.

Burrows, J.E., Burrows, S.M., Lotter, M.C. & Schmidt, E. 2018. Trees and Shrubs Mozambique.  Publishing Print Matters (Pty) Ltd.  Noordhoek, Cape Town.

Coates Palgrave, M. 2002. Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa, edn 3. Struik, Cape Town.

Foden, W. & Potter, L. 2005. Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Körn. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1. Accessed on 2024/01/26.

Lawrence, G. H. M, 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Company, New York. Tenth Printing 1965.

Palmer, E. & Pitman, N. 1972. Trees of southern Africa. Balkema, Amsterdam, Cape Town.

van Wyk, B. & van Wyk, P. 1997 Field guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strelitzia_nicolai

http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/plants/strelitziaceae/strelitzia_nicolai.htm

http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantqrs/strelitznichol.htm

http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=3968-4

http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/browse.php?src=SP

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia