General Info – summary

Small, endemic, dioecious much branched Tree has grey bark.  Compound imparipinnate Leaves each have a distinctively winged rachis.  Petiolules and stipules are absent.  Regular 5-merous Flowers are in terminal panicles.  Male: 5 unequal stamens.  Female: staminodes and superior ovary with 4 styles.  Fruit: a small, red fleshy, one seeded compressed drupe surrounded by accrescent, sepals that turn red.

Description

Loxostylis alata

SA Tree No. 365.

Common names: (Afr) Breekhout, Tederhout, Teerhout, Tierhout, Wildepeperboom, Wilde-peperboom.  (Eng) Tarwood, Tigerwood, Tiger-wood, Wild Peper Tree, Wild Pepper Tree.  (isiXhosa) Isibara, Isibhaha.  (isiZulu) Isibara, Isibhaha.

Family: Anacardiaceae (include Mango, Marula and Cashew family), which has about 83 genera and 800+ species.  Resin ducts are present in the inner fibrous bark and woolly stellate hairs cover all young parts.  Leaves lack stipules.  Deciduous or evergreen tree usually has alternate leaves.  Leaves are simple, trifoliate or digitally compound and imparipinnate.  Leaflets are usually opposite.  Crushed leaves may smell of turpentine.  Trees are monoecious or dioecious with occasional bisexual Flowers.  Flowers are small, usually regular.  The Calyx has 4-7 sepals and there are 4-7 Petals.  The number of Stamens is the same as, or twice the number of petals and the Anthers are versatile.  The superior Ovary has up to 4 locules, each with a single ovule.  The 1-5 Styles are free or connate and separated at the base.  Fruit is usually an indehiscent fleshy drupe with a single Seed.  The southern Africa genera containing trees on this website include Harpephyllum, Lannea, Loxostylis, Ozoroa, Sclerocarya and Searsia.

Name derivation: Loxostylis – from the Greek word for oblique – referring to the oblique carpels.  alata – from Latin – winged – referring to the rachis.

Conservation: National Status:  L C  Least Concern.  2016 (A.T.D. Abbott, V.L. Williams and D. Raimondo).  Numbers are declining.  Bark harvesting for the medicinal plant trade may become a problem.

Tree

This much-branched, evergreen and ornamental Tree (photo 900) with its spreading habit may reach 6-10m high (higher in forests) and may be single or multi–stemmed.  The Trunk is up to 30cm in diameter.  The numerous Branches are grey and furrowed.  Visible on young stems are Leaf scars and Lenticels (usually raised corky oval or elongated area on the plant that allows the uncontrolled interchange of gases with the environment).  The Bark, which has resin ducts, is pale grey (photo 833) with shallow vertical fissures between which small pinkish patches may be visible.  Light blue patches on the stem indicate the presence of Lichen (composite organism arising from a mutualistic relationship between fungi or cyanobacteria and algae species (light blue in photo 833).  The bark becomes red if damaged.  Young growth is yellowish to coral pink (photo 979).

Leaves

On this evergreen plant, the alternate, spirally arranged Leaves are hairless, tough dark green and imparipinnate (pinnately compound leaf ending in a single leaflet – photo 826).  Leaves are up to 20cm long (photo 826), usually alternately arranged and tend to droop.  Young leaves are yellowish and tinged with red (photo 979).  Each leaf has 2-6 pairs of Leaflets, plus the terminal one.  Apart from the single terminal leaflet (photo 662), the leaflets are usually in opposite pairs.  Leaflets are slender, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, up to 6 x 2,5cm and may be slightly curved.  Between the spaced apart paired leaflets, the Rachis (axis, bearing flowers or, in this case, leaflets), is distinctly winged (photo 826).  These green wings are leaf-like.  The narrowly rounded leaflet Apex may have a hair-like tip (photo 662).  The Base is narrowly tapering.  The Margin is rolled under and entire (with a continuous margin, not in any way indented).  The Petiole (leaf stalk) is up to 2,5cm long (photo 826).  It is ridged but not winged.  Petiolules (stalks of leaflets) and Stipules (basal appendages of the petiole) are absent.

Flowers

This plant is dioecious (unisexual floral structures with male and female parts on separate plants).  Individual small Flowers are actinomorphic (Regular, symmetrical.  Flowers are vertically divisible into similar halves by more than 1 plane passing through the axis).  They occur in dense terminal sprays or are in terminal Panicles (indeterminate, branched inflorescence with individual flowers pedicellate – with stalked flowers – photo 835) that are up to 30cm long.  The Male Flowers have 5 green Calyx lobes (photo 835).  The Corolla has 5 star-like reflexed white petals (photo 786).  There are 5 unequal (photo 831), free Stamens that arise from between the scales of the Disc (a more or less fleshy or elevated development of the receptacle).  The Stamens have 4-5 Anthers that each have 2 Thecae (pollen sacs) and dehisce longitudinally (photo 831).  No Pistil is present.  The Female Flowers have 5 Sepals that are almost divided to the base and are greenish-white.  The Petals are small, narrow, star like and fall early.  The 4-5 Stamens are rudimentary.  The superior, single locular Ovary is obliquely obovoid (egg-shaped with the narrow end at the base).  Up to 4 unequal and laterally arising Styles may be present.  These terminate in nipple-like Stigmas.  After fertilization, Sepals of the deeply divided calyx grow longer and turn pink to red and these sepals become distinctive, persistent and petal-like (photo 760).  They surround the base of the Fruit.  (Sep-Apr).

Fruit

The small (diameter 4mm) mature red Fruit is a dry Drupe (a 1-seeded indehiscent fruit with the seed enclosed in a stony endocarp; stone fruit like a peach).  The persistent, accrescent (continuing to grow after flowering) Sepals become red, (photo 611) conspicuously petal-like.  At this stage, they partially surround the fruit (photo 761).  Styles are also persistent.  The Skin of the fruit produces a black sticky substance that sticks to the hands – hence the common names including tarwood.  The Seeds are compressed and lack endosperm (the starch and oil-containing tissue of many seeds; often referred to as the albumen).  A black sticky substance is present which is difficult to rub off.  (Jan-Apr+).

Distribution & Ecology

These plants occur in bushy areas, forests, forest margins and rocky (sandstone and quartzite) outcrops up to 1 400m.  The plant can withstand mild frost.  They also occur in kloofs (steep-sided, wooded ravines or valleys).  Trees can tolerate light frost and are drought resistant.  They are located in the Western and Eastern Cape e.g., in the Suurberg mountains north of Port Elizabeth and in KwaZulu-Natal up the coast to Durban.  This plant is Endemic (Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location) in the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal of South Africa.

Ethnobotany

The plants have a spreading habit with non-invasive Roots.  They may grow quickly from Seeds, which should be planted in full-sun – in the spot where they are required because they do not transplant well.  Only the female plant produces red fruit – hence the need to grow both male and female plants for fruit production.  This can best be achieved by using cuttings from male and female plants.  Bark and leaves are used in local medicine.  Plant extracts have been shown to have the potential to be used as an antifungal agent against Aspergillus fumigatus.  This fungus is a problem in the poultry industry.

References

Abbott, A.T.D., Williams, V.L. & Raimondo, D. 2016. Loxostylis alata A.Spreng. ex Rchb. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1. Accessed on 2023/08/23.

Boon, R. 2010. Pooley’s Trees of eastern South Africa. Flora and Fauna Publications Trust, Durban.

Coates Palgrave, M. 2002. Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa, edn 3. Struik, Cape Town.

Lawrence, G. H. M, 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Company, New York. Tenth Printing 1965.

Palmer, E. & Pitman, N. 1972. Trees of southern Africa. Balkema, Amsterdam, Cape Town.

van Wyk, B. & van Wyk, P. 1997 Field guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town.

 

http://global.britannica.com/plant/Anacardiaceae

http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/21087/Suleiman_Controlled%282012%29.pdf?sequence=1

http://www.poultrydvm.com/supplement/loxostylis-alata

http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/browse.php?src=SP