General Info – summary

This Tree may reach 3,5m high but is usually a shrub.  Entire, leathery Leaves with indistinct petioles are simple and have a prominent midrib.  The capitulum with many thin Flowers is broad & up to 20cm wide. Two types of bracts surround the capitulum – the inner bearded bracts with white hairs & the shorter outer bracts.  Fruit is a hairy achene, and the single relatively large Seed is only released after the plant dies.

Description

Protea magnifica

Previous Names: Protea barbigera.

SA Tree No. 86.1

Common names: (Afr) Baardprotea, Baardsuikerbos, Braadsuikerkan, Koninginprotea, Suikerbosprotea, Wolbaardsuikerbos, Wolbaard-suikerbos.  (Eng) Bearded protea, Bearded Sugarbush, Laurel-leaved Protea, Queen Protea, Queen Sugarbush, Woolly Beard.

Family:  Proteaceae (Protea family).  Members of this family occur mainly in the southern hemisphere.  Universal characteristics are few.  All are woody trees or shrubs.  Anthers are basifixed and the superior Ovary is sessile.  Flowers are contained in a compound inflorescence and 4 Tepals are present.  There are about 80 genera and at least 1 600 species including the Australian Macadamia. (South Africa has now become one of the biggest producers of Macadamia nuts).  In South Africa, there are 16 genera and 300 species.  6 genera (examples on this website) have species that are trees.  These are Brabejum, Faurea, Leucadendron, Leucospermum, Mimetes and Protea.  Currently the genus Protea has the most species.  Protea gaguedi is the only species found in Namibia.  The South African Protea flowers all have a superior Ovary containing a single ovule.  The Stigma is a tiny groove resting on the top of the pollen presenter.  The Style is long and thin.  The silky appearance of the wood is due to the presence of medullary rays (are pith rays used for the radial conduction of water, minerals and organic substances).  Leaves are Sclerophyllous (type of drought resisting vegetation adapted to prevent water loss with hard, leathery, evergreen leaves that that develop on narrowly spaces nodes).  This family has similar Leaves to the Glossopteridales whose fossil leaf remains resemble the modern protea.  These fossils were prevalent more than 200 million years ago.  This was a time before the breakup of the super continent – Gondwanaland – due to continental drift.

Name derivation: Protea – after the Greek sea god Proteus, who like these plants, had a variable appearance.  magnifica – bearded: referring to the fringe of hairs on the floral bracts.  There are in excess of 60 species of the genus Protea in South Africa.

Conservation: National Status: L C (Least Concern).  Assessed: 2019 (A.G. Rebelo, H. Mtshali and L. von Staden).  The population trend is stable.

Tree

This plant is usually a low shrub up to 2m high and 4m wide. A sturdy main stem may develop into a Tree up to 3,5m high.  Fires may reduce this height.  The Bark is grey to dark brown and smooth.  As they mature, the young branches lose their hair.

Leaves

The variable oblong, oval to widely oblanceolate Leaves are leathery and simple (have a single blade, which may have incisions that are not deep enough to divide the leaf into leaflets).  The blue-green to grey-green leaves (photo 267) are variable in size – up to 21 x 6cm.  When young, leaves are outlined and covered with silky hairs.  Mature leaves are hairless.  The Blade has an Apex and Base that both taper.  The base may also be decurrent (leaf blade that partly wrap or have wings around the stem or petiole – photo 271).  The Petiole (leaf stalk) is thus indistinct, whereas the yellowish Midrib is prominent (photo 271).  In this photo, the base appears to be asymmetric (not equal to the opposite sides).  The wavy and thickened Margin is entire (with a continuous margin is not in any way indented).  When mature the margin is yellowish or reddish (photo 267).  Both the distinctive midrib and lateral veins are slightly visible on both surfaces.  The veins details are observable when the leaf is viewed against a strong light (photo 268).

Flowers

The broad Flowerhead bud is long, slender and tapering.  The single, attractive, cup-shaped and large open flowerhead is contained in a capitulum (dense inflorescence having a large collection of usually sessile flowers at the end of the stem).  This capitulum is up to 15+cm in diameter and length and is second only to Protea cynaroides (the king protea) in size.  Each capitulum has hair or bristle-like Bracts – appendages forming the surrounding cone (photo 260).  These bracts are usually pink but may be cream or yellow and are covered with attractive silky hairs.  The outer bracts may be green tipped with brown, pink or reddish.  The inner bracts extend above the outer bracts and may be as long as the flowers.  They are broad and rounded at the end with bearded tips containing white, brown or black hairs (photo 260).  These bracts emerge from a brown to black bract apex (photo 259).  They surround the central mass of small, soft and woolly individual flowers.  Each flower is bisexual and zygomorphic (floral parts are unequal in size or form so that the flower is capable of division into essentially symmetrical halves by only one longitudinal plane passing through the axis).  Each yellow to pinkish Flower is very narrow and up to 6cm long.  It has a Perianth (a collective term for the calyx and corolla) of 4 Tepals (one of the parts of the perianth when these parts cannot easily be divided into calyx and corolla).  Three of these are fused, face the centre and forms a distinct sheath while the fourth one is completely separated.  The sessile, oblong elliptic Anthers arise from the apex of the perianth.  The sessile superior Ovary contains a single ovule and resembles an inverted cone with long, straight hairs covering it.  (Winter to Spring)

Protea Flowers usually open from the outside towards the centre of the inflorescence.  The flowers are Protandrous (male parts develop before female).  The tip of the Style is modified into a structure called a Pollen-presenter.  The Stigma has stigmatic grooves, which are closed before anthesis (the period during which a flower is fully open and functional.  It may also refer to the onset of that period).  During this time, the anthers release pollen that settles into the pollen-presenters.  After anthesis, which often happens when pollinators disturb the flowers and cause the stigmatic grooves to open, they will receive pollen from the pollinators (in this case usually birds).  This helps to ensures cross-pollination.

Fruit

The Fruit is a densely hairy Achene (small dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a tight, thin pericarp – the wall of the ripened ovary).  The wind dispersed Seeds are larger than usual for proteas and are not dispersed until the plant dies – thus helping survival e.g., after a fire.

Distribution & Ecology

This slow growing, winter-rainfall protea is Endemic in South Africa – specifically the south Western Cape.  (Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location).  It is found on rocky high mountains round Hottentots Holland (about 50km east of Cape Town) to the mountains round the Clanwilliam district – about 200km north of Cape Town.  Snow often covers the plants.  The acidic Soil in this area is nutrient deficient, well drained and derived from sandstone (usually) or quartzite.  The medium to high altitude range is 1 200 – 2 700m.  Here they form part of the mountain Fynbos (is a belt of natural shrubland or heathland in the winter rainfall area within the distinctive vegetation of the Western Cape.  Plants in fynbos are often subjected to fires). They tolerate hot, dry summers and cold winters with snow and can survive temperatures as low as – 8 degrees C.  In nature these plants survive best in rocky areas where drainage is good, and they are somewhat protected from fires.

Ethnobotany

There is an international demand for these cut flowers and hybrids are available.  They should be Planted in full sun and not disturbed once established.  Do not add fertilizers or manure.  Seedlings take 5+ years to flower and are susceptible to fungal attack.

References

Coates Palgrave, M. 2002. Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa, edn 3. Struik, Cape Town.

Lawrence, G. H. M, 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Company, New York. Tenth Printing 1965.

Palmer, E. & Pitman, N. 1972. Trees of southern Africa. Balkema, Amsterdam, Cape Town.

Rebelo, A.G., Mtshali, H. & von Staden, L. 2019. Protea magnifica Link. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1. Accessed on 2023/10/23.

van Wyk, B. & van Wyk, P. 1997 Field guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town.

 

http://pza.sanbi.org/protea-magnifica

http://www.greenplanet.co.za/plant/Protea-magnifica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen-presenter

https://www.proteaatlas.org.za/pollinat.htm