Diospyros whyteana

General Info – summary

The dioecious spineless and widespread evergreen Tree seldom reaches 14m high, has a trunk up to 30cm wide and lacks milky sap.  The attractive glossy and visibly hairy Leaves are simple with entire margins.  Small, regular, white and pendulous Flowers are 5-merous.  Male with 10 stamens.  Female flowers have a hairy pedicel, staminodes and a single pistil.  Fruit is a berry with an accrescent calyx and 2-4 seeds.

Description

Previous Names: Royena acocksii, Royena lucida, Royena whyteana, Royena goetzei, Royena nyassae, Royena wilmsii.

SA Tree No. 611.

Common names: (Afr) Bostolbos, Kraaibessie, Swartbas, Tolletjie, Tolletjies.  (Eng) African Bladder Nut, Black bark, Bladdernut, Bladder-nut, Cape Blackwood, Hottentots Cherry, Orange River Diospyros, Wild coffee.  (isiXhosa) Insanzimane, Intsanzimane, Umkhaza, Umbongisa, Umgungunga, Umtenatane, Umtenatene.  (isiZulu) Umanzimane, Umkhaze, Umnqandane, Umtimatane.  (Northern Sotho) Mohlatsane.  (siSwati) Santinyana.  (Tshivenda) Munyavhili, Mwanda.

Family: Ebenaceae (persimmon and ebony family).  The family has some plants known for their useful wood and others for fruit.  Trees are usually located in tropical and warmer temperate regions.  There are more than 750 species, in 4 genera, worldwide and the 37 species in South Africa occur in 2 genera (Euclea and Diospyros).  The bark and heartwood are black.  The simple, coriaceous and entire Leaves lack stipules and are usually alternate or may be opposite, but both may occur on the same plant.  The usually unisexual and regular Flowers have a persistent calyx that is often divided near to the base.  The corolla usually has a short tube, with Petals fused at the base and extending into overlapping lobes.  The basifixed anthers are longer than the filaments.  The superior ovary has up to 2 ovules in each locule.  The styles may have 2-5 branches.  Fruit is a berry with an accrescent calyx, which may dehisce slowly.  Young fruit contains tannins and is usually avoided by animals until ripe.

Name derivation: Diospyros (Dios – divine pyros – pear (referring to the flavour of some fruits).  whyteana: named after Alexander Whyte (1834-1908) a Scottish explorer who collected plants from Malawi, Kenya, Liberia and Uganda for Kew during 1883-1904.

Worldwide there are in excess of 700 species in the genus Diospyros.  The valued timber trees are called Ebony trees.  These produce dense, hard and dark timber.  Trees valued for their fruit are known as persimmon trees and none are indigenous.  Diospyros plants are tropical (most) or subtropical and usually dioecious (unisexual floral structures with male and female parts are on separate plants).  In southern Africa, there are about 20 species in the genus.

Conservation: National Status: L C. (Least Concern).  Assessment Date: 2005 W. Foden and L. Potter.

Tree

This Tree may reach 14m high but usually much less and may be a shrub.  In a tree, the single stemmed Trunk has a diameter of up to 30cm and has densely spreading branches that occur low down.  The Bark (photos 447 & 524) is grey to almost black and smooth.  In older trees, the bark may become rough.  The greenish or pinkish, long and flexible Young branches are slightly angled between leaves and are densely covered with long, fine and rust coloured hairs.  These young flexible branches (photo 445 under Leaves) are intertwined.  No milky sap or spines are present.

Leaves

Leaves are an outstanding feature of this plant.  This evergreen plant has alternate Leaves in the same plane (photo 445) that develop on both sides of branches.  They are narrowly elliptic, ovate, obovate (like an upside-down egg – with the narrower end at the base) or broadly lanceolate.  Silky threads become visible in a recently broken young leaf.  Young leaves may be coppery-green.  The slightly leathery leaves are up to 5,2 x 2,4cm and simple (has a single blade, which may have incisions that are not deep enough to divide the blade into leaflets).  Leaves from the winter rainfall areas of the Western Cape are usually larger.  The upper leaf surface is distinctly glossy (photo 445), dark, yellow-green or pinkish and has more attractive white hairs when young (photo 214).  These hairs do not hide the gloss.   The lower leaf surface is much paler, duller green with some longish hairs, which occur both on the veins and between them.  About 7 pairs of not very prominent, sunken above Lateral veins are present (photo 346).  Here the raised Midrib is visible on both sides.  Lateral veins may be slightly clearer below.  These veins are more visible when viewed against a strong light – aided with a hand lens (photo 61).  Here marginal hairs are visible, as are the lateral veins joining with others prior to reaching the margin.  The Apex is narrowly to broadly tapering.  The Base tapers and may be almost rounded or Cordate (heart-shaped – photo 445).  The slightly wavy Margin is entire (with a continuous margin, not in any way indented).  The hairy and relatively short Petiole (leaf stalk) is up to 2mm long (photo 346).  An occasional bright red or orange leaf may occur.

Flowers

This tree/shrub should be planted in gardens and visitors given a hand lens to view the very impressive small white, cream to pale yellow, sweetly fragrant and pendulous Flowers (photo 218).  Trees are dioecious (unisexual floral structures with male and female parts on separate plants).  Flowers are up to 1cm long and actinomorphic (Regular, symmetrical.  Flowers are vertically divisible into similar halves by more than 1 plane passing through the axis).  They have 2 nearly opposite leafy bracts which are about 2cm long and occur about half-way up the up the 2cm long the hairy Pedicle (flower stalk – photo 218).  Flowers may occur singly or in short axillary sprays.  The Calyx is hairy and has 4 or 5 toothed Sepals.  The hairy Corolla (photo 218) is urceolate (with a swollen middle and narrowing top – urn shaped).  It has 5 Petals which are united at the base.  These white petals end with relatively short, recurved lobes (photo 218).  Male flowers are solitary and axillary with 10 stamens.  Here the Filaments are shorter than the basifixed Anthers.  Female flowers are similar to male flowers but have 6-10 staminodes (sterile stamens).  The single Pistil (a unit of the Gynoecium, the female element of the flower, composed of the Ovary, Style and Stigma) contains a superior Ovary situated on a somewhat fleshy, hairless Disc (a more or less fleshy or elevated development of the receptacle).  (Aug-Nov).

Fruit

The Fruit is up to 2cm long and only appears on female plants.  It is an ovoid to an almost spherical fleshy Berry (pulpy, indehiscent fruit like a grape or tomato), which is up to 2cm in diameter.  The ripe fruit turns a distinctive bright red to scarlet and finally becomes reddish brown or blackish (photos 218 and 213 above).  The persistent Calyx has 5 large, inflated lobes that that are accrescent (continue to grow after flowering).  They envelope the up to 2cm long fruit in a papery covering and remain on the tree for months after the fruit has fallen.  These are loose but completely cover the fruit – making it look like a swollen bladder – (hence the common name bladdernut).  The persistent calyx remains on the tree for months after the fruit has fallen.  Up to 4 oblong Seeds are produced.  They are about 8mm long, smooth and pale brown.  A single, thin straight line encircles each seed.  The Pulp around the seeds has a bittersweet taste.  The fruit (Jun – Oct) is almost identical to that in Diospyros scabrida.

Distribution & Ecology

This frost-resistant tree grows on mountains, open forests, forest margins, shady kloofs, stream banks, scrubs (general term for vegetation dominated by shrubs, i.e. low, woody plants, which typically form an intermediate community between grass or heath and high forest) and rocky outcrops.  It is slow growing and becomes taller and thinner if not in full sun and is found from sea level to 2 200m.  It occurs in most of the mountain forests and mist belts in South Africa – especially in deep shade.  This plant occurs from Table Mountain in the Western Cape, the Eastern Cape, the eastern Free State, Gauteng (common), KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga (common), and North West.  In addition, this plant grows in fringes of Lesotho, central and slightly northern Mozambique, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Malawi and northwards to Ethiopia.  Game and stock brows the Leaves.  Birds like the African Green pigeons, louries (touracos), bulbuls and barbets consume the Fruit.  These plants may be grazed to such an extent that they remain dwarf shrubs.

Ethnobotany

This plant, with its dark glossy evergreen foliage, makes a good garden tree and good bonsai plant.  It thrives in both shade and full sun and is undemanding on soil.  It can be used to make an excellent hedge.  Both male and female trees are required for fruit production.  This is achievable by using cutting from male and female plants chosen when flowering.  Parts of the Tree are used in local medicine.  The reasonably dense Wood is yellowish white with purplish grey stripes, evenly grained, fairly dense and tough.  It takes a good polish.  Yokes (a wooden crosspiece that is fastened over the necks of two animals and attached to the plough or cart that they are to pull), wagons and furniture were made from it.  Today the wood is used to make axe, hoe and pick handles.  Seeds are reputed to make a good substitute for coffee.  Prior to planting, the seeds may be scarified (to slit or scratch the outer coat of seeds in order to speed up germination).  This ornamental plant is drought resistant.  Local medicine makes use of it.

References

Boon, R. 2010. Pooley’s Trees of eastern South Africa. Flora and Fauna Publications Trust, Durban.

Burrows, J.E., Burrows, S.M., Lotter, M.C. & Schmidt, E. 2018. Trees and Shrubs Mozambique.  Publishing Print Matters (Pty) Ltd.  Noordhoek, Cape Town.

Coates Palgrave, M. 2002. Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa. edn 3. Struik, Cape Town.

Foden, W. & Potter, L. 2005. Diospyros whyteana (Hiern) F.White. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version . Accessed on 2024/12/19.

Ginn, P.J. McIlleron, W.G. Milstein, S. 1989. The Complete Book of Southern African Birds. Struik Publishers (PTY) LTD. Third impression 1991.

Lawrence, G. H. M, 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Company, New York. Tenth Printing 1965.

Palmer, E. & Pitman, N. 1972. Trees of southern Africa. Balkema, Amsterdam, Cape Town.

Schmidt, S. Lotter, M. & McCleland, W. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and the Kruger National Park.

van Wyk, B. & van Wyk, P. 1997 Field guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospyros_whyteana

http://witkoppenwildflower.co.za/diospyros-whyteana/

http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=144080

http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=3998

http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?p=Diospyros+whyteana