General Info – summary

This dioecious, hairy Tree has greyish, smooth, shiny and resinous bark up to 8m high.  Imparipinnate, hairy Leaves have leaflets with 2-6 pair of opposite leaflets and a single terminal one.  The margins are entire, and stipules are absent.  Regular, small, yellowish to pinkish 4-merous & actinomorphic Flowers.  Female flowers have a superior ovary that is rudimentary in male flowers.  Fruit: drupe with 1 black seed.

Description

Commiphora mollis

Previous Names: Balsamodendron molle, Commiphora welwitschii, Commiphora cinereal, Commiphora boehmii, Commiphora dekindtiana, Commiphora iringensis, Commiphora krausei, Commiphora montana, Commiphora ndemfi, Commiphora stuhlmannii.

SA Tree No. 280.

Common names: (Afr) Bloustam, Duikstam-kanniedood, Fluweel-kanniedood.  (Eng) Velvet Corkwood, Velvet-leaved Corkwood, Soft leaved Commiphora, Velvet Commiphora.  (IsiNdebele) Iminyela.  (Northern Sotho) Mmetlakgamêlô.  (Setswana) Mokômoto, Seroka.  (Tshivenda) Muukhuthu.  (Xitsonga) Nkuhuti, Shisenga, Xisenga.

Family: Burseraceae (The torchwood family, which includes frankincense from Boswellia sacra, myrrh from Commiphora myrrha both of which have an incense like odour).  Neither Boswellia species nor Commiphora myrrha are indigenous in southern Africa.  Non-allergenic resin occurs in most plant tissues.  Worldwide there are about 16 genera and in excess of 500 species, which occur in tropical South America, Malaysia and Africa.  In South Africa Commiphora is the only genus and there are about 20 species that may be regarded as trees.  The Bark is smooth, aromatic and pealing or flaking in small pieces.  The Leaves are resinous and usually without stipules.  The usually dioecious Flowers have 4 or 5 petals and sepals that are imbricate (having regularly arranged, overlapping edges, as roof tiles).  Flowers are actinomorphic (regular, symmetric) and the Stamens are double or equal to the number of petals.  The superior Ovary has 3-5 carpels with 2 ovules in each and the single Style ends in a capitate (forms like a head) or lobed Stigma.  The pitted Fruit is often an edible drupe.

 Name derivation: Commiphora: Greek: kommi – gum and phora – bearer.  mollis – soft – referring to the soft, silky hairs on the leaves.

Conservation: National Status: L C. (Least Concern).  Assessment: 2005/06/30 (W. Foden & L. Potter).

Tree

This soft unarmed medium-sized Tree with its milky sap, may reach 8m high.  It has a wide crown, with many spineless branches that are hairy when young (photo 515 – under Leaves).  The often-fluted Trunk is grey or greenish grey, smooth and shiny.  Bark (photo 523 & 86) that faces the sun is smooth and becomes silvery.  In large trees, the bark may peel off in thick disks – revealing green below (photo 523).  Branchlets are not spine-tipped but do have visible Lenticels (a usually raised corky oval or elongated area on the plant that allows the uncontrolled interchange of gases with the environment: photo 515 – under Leaves).  Twigs (1-year-old current branch segments) extend almost at right angles to the branches.  Brown aromatic Resin ducts are present in the bark (photo 86).

Leaves

This plant is deciduous (leaves fall at maturity / loss of leaves for part of the year), and the alternate leaves may be clustered at the ends of short side branchlets (photo 515).  The leaves are Imparipinnate (pinnately compound leaf ending in a single leaflet).  Each leaf ends in the single terminal leaflet – which is usually the biggest and frequently obovate (like an upside down egg, with the narrower end at the base – photo 520).  There are 2-6 pairs of opposite, elliptic Leaflets and here the bases are rounded and the Apex is pointed to rounded.  The smallest paired leaflets usually occur closest to the Petiole (leaf stalk – photo 520).  Leaflets may end in a small point (photo 520E).  In this photo, the visible leaflet veins arch and join prior to reaching the margin.  Leaves are green above, lighter and more densely hairy below (photo 520) with soft silky, hairs – hence the specific name.  Margins are entire (with a continuous margin and not in any way indented (photo 520).  The Petiole (leaf stalk) is 1-3cm long (photo 520).  Petiolules (leaflet stalks) are short e.g., on the terminal leaflet (photo 520E) or absent.  Stipules (basal appendages of the petiole) are absent.  The leaves turn yellow before falling in autumn.

Flowers

These plants are dioecious (unisexual floral structures with male and female parts on separate plants).  Flower buds develop before, or with the new leaves in small axillary clusters and open on thin, long red pedicels (stalks of a single flower) that are up to 4cm long.   The small yellowish to pinkish flowers are cup-shaped.  Flowers are actinomorphic (Regular, symmetrical.  Flowers are vertically divisible into similar halves by more than 1 plane passing through the axis).  The Calyx has 4 Sepals that have a joined base.  The Corolla has 4 Petals in a tubular base that open into pink to yellow lobes.  The petals alternate with the sepals.  A Disc (a more or less fleshy or elevated development of the receptacle) is present.  Male Flowers have a rudimentary ovary and are usually larger than female flowers.  In the Female Flowers, a single Pistil (a unit of the Gynoecium, the female element of the flower, composed of the Ovary, Style and Stigma) is present.  The 2-locular Ovary is superior.  Here the Style is short, and the Stigma is capitate (shaped like a head).  (Sep-Jan).

Fruit

The almost spherical Fruit is initially pale green to brown, and matures to a dull red colour.  The fruit is a one cm wide Drupe (a fleshy, 1-seeded indehiscent fruit with the seed enclosed in a stony endocarp), that is densely hairy and attached to a stout pedicel.  When ripe the black Seed is almost covered by a scarlet, 4-lobed bright red Arilode (false–aril).  The arilode is a structure in certain seeds that resembles an aril but develops from the micropyle (a small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates) of the ovule.  This arilode has 4 lobes that almost reach the apex of the drupe.  This is a much sought after fruit and is usually rapidly consumed.  (Feb-Apr).

Distribution & Ecology

These frost tender trees thrive in hot, well-drained sandy soils in dry mixed woodland, bushveld and rocky outcrops.  They occur naturally in Limpopo, North West, Mpumalanga e.g., the Kruger National Park.  Beyond South Africa, they occur in Botswana, Mozambique (widespread), Zimbabwe, Northern Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Angola, DRC and into tropical Africa.  The Leaves act as food plants for the larvae of the White Barred Gipsy Moth (Palasea albimacula).  Kudu and other game browse the leaves and young Shoots.  Animals like the elephant may dig up and eat the Roots.  These trees Occur at medium to low altitudes (up to 1 500m) in well-drained, sandy soil.  Branches become silvery when exposed to the sun.

Ethnobotany

This Tree is one of the more attractive of the Commiphora species.  The frost tender tree is best propagated from truncheons (stem cutting from a selected plant – used to produce genetically identical new plants) which strike well.  Plant in well-drained soil in a summer rainfall area and protect young plants from frost.  Stock browse the Leaves.  The Wood is soft and of little use to man.  People also consume the nutritious Roots.  N.B. for fruit, both male and female plants are required and selected truncheons are the best way to achieve this.

References

Coates Palgrave, M. 2002. Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa, edn 3. Struik, Cape Town.

Burrows, J.E., Burrows, S.M., Lotter, M.C. & Schmidt, E. 2018. Trees and Shrubs Mozambique.  Publishing Print Matters (Pty) Ltd.  Noordhoek, Cape Town.

Foden, W. & Potter, L. 2005. Commiphora mollis (Oliv.) Engl. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version . Accessed on 2024/09/04.

Lawrence, G. H. M, 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, The Macmillan Company, New York. Tenth Printing 1965.

Palmer, E. & Pitman, N. 1972. Trees of southern Africa, Balkema, Amsterdam, Cape Town.

Schmidt, S. Lotter, M. & McCleland, W. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and the Kruger National Park.

van Wyk, B. & van Wyk, P. 1997 Field guide to Trees of Southern Africa, Struik, Cape Town.

 

http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=133340

http://www.africanmoths.com/pages/EREBIDAE/LYMANTRIINAE/palasea%20albimacula.html

http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/browse.php?src=SP

http://pza.sanbi.org/commiphora

https://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/insect-display.php?insect_species_id=402560