General Info – summary
This slow growing Tree is tall (20+m high) and has dense, hard wood. It is up to 1,5m wide and the bark is divided into whitish/brown blocks. The small greyish green and wavy Leaves are simple with entire margins. Small, bisexual actinomorphic Flowers are in spikes with up to 30 flowers. Stamens occur outside the inferior ovary with its single style. Each small, 4-winged Fruit has one wind-dispersed seed.
Description
Combretum imberbe
Previous Names: Combretum imberbe var. dielsii, Combretum imberbe var. petersii, Combretum primigenum.
SA Tree No. 539.
Common names: (Afr) Hardekool, Hardekoolboom, Loodhout, Menshoutboom, Opregtehardekool. (Eng) Bastard Yellow Wood, Elephant Trunk, Ironwood, Ivory Tree, Lead Wood, Leadwood. (isiZulu) Im-pondondlovu Isikwishi, Umangwenja, Umbondwe-omnyama. (IsiNdebele) Imonso. (Northern Sotho) Mohwelere-tshipi, Motswiri. (Setswana) Motswiri. (siSwati) Impondozendhlovu, Mpondvondlovu. (Tshivenda) Mudzwiri, Muheri, Muhiri. (Xitsonga) Mondzo, Motswiri, Ummono. (Herero) Omumboromboga.
Family: Combretaceae (Bushwlillow family). In this family, there are about 16 genera, which contain about 530 species. In South Africa, there are 5 genera and 41 species. Genera with Trees on this website include Combretum, Lumnitzera, Pteleopsis and Terminalia. The simple and usually entire Leaves lack stipules. Flowers are usually bisexual. There are usually twice the number of stamens as sepals or petals. The inferior Ovary has 1 locule and usually only 1 of the ovules develops into a seed. Fruit is usually indehiscent and may be winged or ridged.
Name derivation: Combretum – climbing plant. imberbe – beardless / lack of hairs. This may refer to the relatively few hairs on the leaves.
Conservation: National Status: L C. (Least Concern). Assessors: Raimondo et al. (2009.) This is a protected tree in the South Africa.
Tree
This usually single stemmed Tree (photo 87) is perhaps one of the slowest growing trees of the lowveld. It may become large, reaching 20m+ high (often only up to 10m) and, radiocarbon dated to be in excess of 1 000 years old. The grey-green appearance is clear in (photo 13). {Compare the height and colour with the “acacias” in the foreground of this tree}. The main branches are large and located high up. The tree has a rounded, spreading Crown. Dead branches tend to remain on the tree. The dead trees may remain standing for many years. Bowl (a single unbranched stem, the trunk) can reach 1,5m wide. The usually high up branches are reddish brown to light grey. The pale Bark can be almost white, to dark grey (photos 358) and up to 1cm thick. It is rough and divided into smallish blocks with near parallel sides running lengthwise with irregular transverse cracks (photo 358). The colour and shape helps with identification. Young Branches have opposite twigs, which may have spine-tipped ends and possess reddish scales (photo 113). This, the tallest of the Combretum species, has a large taproot and well-developed lateral roots.
Leaves
This often-delayed deciduous tree has opposite or nearly so Leaves (photo 116) that are approximately oblong, elliptic or obovate (like an upside down egg, with the narrower end at the base). These smallish – up to 8 x 3cm (photo 942), leathery leaves are simple (have a single blade which may have incisions that are not deep enough to divide the leaf into leaflets). They are greyish green (photo 13 – under Tree). These leaves are slightly shiny above and lighter below (photo 942). The leaves are thinly textured to leathery, and both surfaces, including veins, may have tiny, dense, silvery scales. These are more visible with a good hand lens (enlarged photo 360). These scaly leaves help to give the tree an overall grey appearance (photo 13 under Tree). The upper side may have a few hairs and on the lower side, hairs may occur on the 4-7 side veins. The Midrib is raised on the lower side (photo 942). The Apex is blunt, notched or rounded and may have a fine twisted, hair-like tip (photo 116). The Base is broadly to narrowly tapering and may be asymmetric (not equal to the opposite side – photo 942). The distinctly wavy Margin (photo 359) is entire (with a continuous margin, not in any way indented – photo 112). The Petiole (leaf stalk) is up to 1cm long but is usually less (photo 942). Stipules (basal appendages of the petiole) are absent.
Flowers
Flowering is irregular. The small, sweetly scented, initially green Flowers become cream to yellowish. They occur in dense, slender and cylindrical Spikes (simple indeterminate inflorescence with sessile flowers on a single unbranched stalk) that are up to 10cm long. Each spike may bear up to 30 flowers. Spikes develop in leaf axils and occasionally at branch ends. Here they may form in a terminal head or Panicle (indeterminate, branched inflorescence with stalked flowers). Each flower is bisexual and actinomorphic (Regular, symmetrical. Flowers are vertically divisible into similar halves by more than 1 plane passing through the axis.). The 4 Sepals are ovate to triangular. The 4 free, short, hairless Petals are obovate (the reverse of ovate, the terminal half broader than the basal). The 8 Stamens are in 2 whorls of 4 each. There is a single Pistil (a unit of the Gynoecium, the female element of the flower, composed of the Ovary, Style and Stigma). The inferior Ovary (with the ovary enclosed in the receptacle: here the other floral parts are situated above) has a single Style. (Nov-Mar).
Fruit
The initially pale yellowish green Fruit is the smallest of the Combretum species. The papery wings develop from the ovary wall and, like the leaves, are covered with tiny scales. The fruit eventually becomes light brown (photo 23). The many fruits are usually up to 1,7 x 1,5cm (photo 23). The four Wings have dense silvery scales, which are clearly visible with a hand lens. Each fruit contains a single Seed. Aided by the 4 wings, the seeds are wind-dispersed to about 50m from the tree. Here the height of the tree will have an effect. (Feb-Jun but fruit may persist on the tree for a long time). (Feb-July).
Distribution & Ecology
This tree is not endemic to South Africa. These Trees are common in alluvial soil and in the bushveld (a sub-tropical woodland ecoregion of southern Africa). They also occur in mixed woodland (photo 87 – under Trees). Altitude range is up to 1 200m. They may grow in brackish, even alluvial and Basaltic Soils (basalt – quick cooling, low viscosity, usually fine grained, dark grey to black rock formed by the solidification of magma i.e. molten rock). Under good conditions, this tree has a moderate growth rate. Trees occur in Northern KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Eswatini, (Swaziland), Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo and North West. Beyond South Africa they occur in, Botswana, Mozambique (mainly central and southern), Tanzania, Zambia, Angola, Northern Namibia (e.g., at Usakos) and northwards into tropical Africa. Impala, grey duiker, rodents and giraffe graze the Leaves. Elephant and giraffe eat both leaves and young branches. Leaves are also eaten by kudu, impala, grey duiker and Letchwe (antelope: only males have horns, and these are recurved). Letchwe are found beyond the northern boarders of South Africa. The tree is not fire resistant and may blaze to full destruction. Mosquitoes breed on this tree. Large trees are felled for timber and smaller trees for firewood and making charcoal – a possible future problem. In South Africa this is a protected tree that often occurs with Senegalia (was Acacia) nigrescens.
Ethnobotany
Farmers assume the presence of the Tree is an indication of mixed-veld, which develops favorable grazing. The fine-grained Wood is very hard and dense (1 200+kg per cubic metre) and will thus easily sink in fresh water. It makes an exceptional braai wood providing long-lasting heat. The wood Ash has been used for toothpaste and its high lime content makes it a substitute for whitewashing huts. The wood is difficult to plane. It may damage tools used to cut and shape it. The annual rings are unclear (photos 191). Sapwood is thin and light coloured (photo 191), whereas the hard Heartwood is dark and has an attractive just visible grain (photo 165). The wood drills, sands and turns well and is used for carving. Other uses include fence poles, mine props, knobkerries, railway-sleepers and mortars for stamping grain. The wood is an excellent slow-burning fuel. Other good “fuel” trees include Colophospermum mopane and Grewia caffra. Leaves are reported to have a low protein content. The medium quality Gum is edible but the Seeds may be poisonous. This tree is significantly important to Herero and Ovambo people. They regard this as an ancestral tree from which animals and people came. The boiled Root bark is used to tan leather. Grow these trees from Seeds. Young plants are sensitive to frost but are drought resistant. A wood harvesting height of 1m is suggested to allow coppicing (in this case, when stems are cut or burned it causes regrowth from the stump or roots). Extracts from leaves have some antibacterial activity. Excessive harvesting of these trees may be a future concern. Local medicine makes use of roots and leaves.
References
Boon, R. 2010. Pooley’s Trees of eastern South Africa. Flora and Fauna Publications Trust, Durban.
Burrows, J.E., Burrows, S.M., Lotter, M.C. & Schmidt, E. 2018. Trees and Shrubs Mozambique. Publishing Print Matters (Pty) Ltd. Noordhoek, Cape Town.
Bryant, C. Lombo, B. 2004. Trees of CC Africa. Double Story Books, Cape Town.
Coates Palgrave, M. 2002. Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa, edn 3. Struik, Cape Town.
Foden, W. & Potter, L. 2005. Combretum imberbe Wawra. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version . Accessed on 2024/09/13. |
Lawrence, G. H. M, 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Company, New York. Tenth Printing 1965.
Palmer, E. & Pitman, N. 1972. Trees of southern Africa. Balkema, Amsterdam, Cape Town. p1645
Schmidt, S. Lotter, M. & McCleland, W. 2002. Trees and Shrubs of Mpumalanga and the Kruger National Park. Jacana, Johannesburg.
van Wyk, B. & van Wyk, P. 1997 Field guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town.
http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/voteplant.php
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combretum_imberbe
http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?h=M4,imberbe&p=Combretum+imberbe
http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/browse.php?src=SP